About The Culture of Magar
MAGAR (SHORT
INTRODUCTION)
https://magarworld.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/about-magar/
Magar is one of the indigenous ethnic nationalities of Nepal. It is one of the
bravest communities with its own ancient rich culture. The regions that the
Magar tribe inhabit are the districts of Palpa, Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, Syangja,
Baglung, Parbat, Myagdi, Tanahun, Gorkha, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi in the Western
region, Rolpa,
Rukum, Dolpa, Dailekh, Jajarkot, Pyuthan in the Mid-Western region and Ilam,
Taplejung, Dhankuta, Sunsari, Sarlahi, Okhaldhunga in the Eastern region.
Besides these areas there are small pockets of Magars spread out in the regions
of the hot tarai both east and west, and also in the hills and the areas around
the Central region of Nepal. Magars follow Buddhism with priest
called Bhusal, the social process of Sanskritization
has drawn some southern Magar population to develop a syncretic form of Hinduism that combines animist and Buddhist
rituals. Under the main ones beings Ale, Thapa, Pun and Rana.
There are more than 700 sub THARS (family names) of
Magar. According to Nepal’s 2001 census, 1,622,421 people (excluding Magars
living abroad) identified themselves as belonging to the Magar ethno-linguistic
group, representing 7.4% of Nepal population and making them the largest
indigenous ethnic group in the country. It is estimated that there are 5
million Magars around the world today. In the past, Magars had their own small
states called Chaubise raja
or Bahar Magarant, and Ath Magarant. They also played vital roles in the making
of today’s great Nepal. Despite their glorious history and legend, Magars are
lagging in the socioeconomic and political strata of Nepal, which is an effect
of Sanskritization or “Braman Bad”, with its own script called “AKHA LIPI.”
Magar language has four dialects which marginally differ
in some aspects to each other its because according to the places into which
they were drifted apart from other groups and were in isolation for long time
during the course of the history. This language is rooted in the Tibeto-Burman
family. Medium built, wheatened in complex oval or round face, black hair,
razor cut eyes generally describes the physiques of Magars in nature they are
cheerful, peace-loving, kind-hearted, gentle, honest, and brave people.
During their leisure or at the time of festival they
like to be involved in merry making by singing and performing their traditional
dances like Sorathi, Ghantu, Jhyaure, Dohri, Rodhi, Kaura Chutka. Salaijo and
many more.Magars traditionally engage in subsistence, agriculture, pastoralism
craftsmanship, hunting and fishing. However these days Magars are also in the
field of other professions like medicine, education civil services, laws,
journalism, development, aviation and politics.
The Magars are prominently represented in Nepal’s
military as well as in British and Indian Gurkha regiments along with the Gurung, Rai and other martial ethic groups
from the hills of Nepal.Magars are spread not only within Nepal but also in
other neighboring counties of Nepal like Bhutan, Burma, and Bangladesh and in
Deharadun Darjeeling Sikkim, Assam Nagaland and Bhaksu in India. Further away-
today Magars are also settled or are they’re for study or other work related
purposes in many other countries of the world. Similarly many Magars
associations are formed with common goals of bonding themselves well, and
keeping coordinal social relation with other communities in order to preserve
and promote their culture, tradition and language back alive for the sake of
their identity forever.Here is an interesting story described about Magar’s
Origins and version of three different language groups are presented in TRIBAL
ETHNOGRAPHY OF NEPAL Volume-II, by Dr. Rajesh Gautam and Asoke k. Thapa Magar.
The origin of the Magar of the Bara Magaranth is that in
the land known as Seem there lived a tribe of people. There were two brothers
named See Magar and chintoo Magar who began to have differences thus while one
stayed back the other headed south and after a series of migrations reached the
place called Kangwachen. This is in southern Sikkim and made up of a
called on whose northern end lived the Bhotia people while at
the bottom or southern end settled these Magar immigrants. As the years passed
the Magars became very powerful and made the northern Bhotia their vassals. At
this time the Magar king named Sintoo Sati Sheng (shang) ruled in a very
despotic manner and the northern bhotia conspired and assassinated him. Later
on the queen of this king took revenge and poisoned 1000 Bhotia people at a
place called Tong Song Fong meaning where a thousand were murdered. But later
son the Bhotia won and so the Magar had to again migrate further south and from
there they moved in all directions among which one group migrated to
Simraogadh. They are believed to have moved towards the Bara Magarnth area of
Palpa, Gulmi, Dhor, Gherung, etc. one group moved towards the Okhaldhunga
region and another group seems to have returned to the east. No dates are
given.
The Kham Magar further west
of the Bara Magaranth Magars has a different origin legend. There were four
brothers, so says the legend, and one day they went hunting but got lost. They
camped at a place and desributed the chores to do. From there four brothers the
carious jats or tribes emanated. The first tribe was the Bahun Magar (the
eldest brother’s tribe), then come the Thakuri Magar (the second eldest
brother), then the Khas Magar (the third brother) and lastly the Kami Kami
Magar (the youngest brother). Thus the Khas Magar became the Kham Magar of
today, it is said.The Tarali Magar are said to have originated from the union
of a male whose mother had fled the region of Jumla during a war of the Kalyal
kings there. It is not known who her spouse was but this said to have arrived
at Tarakot in a very pregnant condition and given birth to this boy.
One day this boy sees a strange phenomenon in the jungle
lake where he goes with his cattle. The lake was alleged to be filled with milk
and surrounded by a large forest. The boy spotted 7 shining creatures like
fairies bathing in the waters of the lake. He was enthralled and come to
observe them daily. One day he told his mother about this strange sight and she
advised him to touch youngest of these angels so that she would became human
and thus he would be able to marry her. This happened and the boy brought the
beautiful damsel to his mother, but when they asked her who she was she replied
in a tongue, which was incomprehensible for them. The devi was offered some
bread and she uttered the words ‘Tai khe nan’ slowlythey began to learn the
language of this woman and Kaike was spread among themselves. The language was
called Kaike meaning language of the Gods.
SEPT: It is
generally known that in the structure of tribes there are the septs followed by
the sub-septs, then the gotra
is discerned and so on. Among the Magar people is would be
proper to first state that this tribe is not divided into straight clans or
septs, but into sub-tribes. This differentiation commences first with the
linguistic classification, which means that there are 3 sub-languages among the
Magar people. The Bara Magarnth Magar people speak the common Magarkura and
those in Dolpo
area speak the Kaile. Each language is a distinct one with its own identity,
and the Kaile is a language which is spoken nowhere in the world.The Mgara
tribe is now divided into basically seven clans or septs: Thapa, Ale, Rana, Budhathoki, Raka, Gharti and Pun but here also some
differentiation must be made. While the first three are considered the pure
Magar, the latter are assumed to be assimilated elements from the neighboring
hill tribes of Bhotia ancestry. Linguistically we can categories these clans as
follows:
Language Septs: Magarkura
speakers Ale, Thapa, RanaKhamkura speakers Buda, Gharti, Roka, Pun, JhankriKaile speakers Tarali Magar of Dolpa/
Buda, Gharti, Rokaya, Jhankri.
LANGUAGE: The
language of the Magar people are of four types has already been said. It must
be understood that there is the Bara Magarnth are which is where Magaranth is
spoken the Rolpa, Rukum and Pyuthan region where
khamkura is spoken and the Dolpa
region where Kaile is spoken.
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS: The Magar range from the ones who have been inhabiting
tarai to the high Himalaya
areas like Dolpa, thus they do exhibit differences in physiques and features,
and however, this can be described generally to encompass the tribe.The
physiques of the Magars are thick set and sturdy, though. They are an average
height of 5 feet to 5 feet 7 inches, though some of the northern Magar people
are very tall. Whitened in complex oval or round face, black hair, razor cut
eyes generally describes the physiques of Magars in nature they are cheerful,
peace loving kind hearted, gentle honest and brave people.
FAMILY : The
family structure of these people is quite similar to the other tribes scattered
throughout the country, however, there are some differences which make them
different and a tribe apart. The main family splits into nuclear ones as the
children marry, but there are families where the system of staying joint is
existent, where they live in the same house and eat at one kitchen.The most
distinctive element in the Magar family kinship is the strong
connection between a maternal uncle and his nephew. Each has to respect the
other equally and the uncle is permitted to call his nephew as jawai meaning
son-in-law. The reason for this is that the nephew has the first claim to marry
his matrilateral cross cousin.This show that the Magar people or society sanction
and prefer tribal endogamy and integration of family, but this practice is
gradually vanishing due to the pressure of modern and educated Magar youths.
BIRTHS: The
birth of a child is an occasion of happiness in any community and it is no
exception among in Magar people. While birth pollution is observed for 5-6 days
within one Magar group it maybe for a period of 11 days in another.Hinduised
Magar do this ritual the hinduistic way and thus call in Brahmin priest and other
use their own dhami or jhankri to perform the necessary activities like the
chhaiti on the sixth day where the belief is that the god of destiny arrives
and writes the destiny of the child on its forehead. Thus they maintain a whole
nightlong vigil and in
the process sing devotional religious songs. The ones who remain till the
morning are presented food, alcohol and money, which are laid out on a nanglo
meaning-winnowing fan.Next step is the navran, which is when the child receives
its name and is, made ritually pure along with its mother and the whole
household. On this day the calculations are made using the time of birth, date
and such data, and then the zodiac is determined. After this the child’s name
is selected and navran is over. It is only after the navran that the child is
allowed to wear proper stitched clothes.
PASNI OR BHAT
KHULAI: The initial rice feeding ceremony or pasni involves the child to be
bathed in sunpani (water through which gold has been passed) followed by the
feeding of the rice, milk, yogurt and meat as well. The child get a new set of
clothes and the parents commence this feeding first to be followed by the
others who are present. A girl is feed rice when 5 months old and a boy when 6
months.
CHHAEWAR: This
is the ritual hair cutting ceremony or chhaewar and done at the age of 3 though
some do it at the age of 5. The years on which this is done must be odd. All
maternal kin and cross cousins are invited along with other guests. The
maternal uncle or mama must do the cutting of the hair and if he should be
absent then a member of the maternal kin group has to perform this function.
Only the tuppi or topknot
is left on the child’s head.For girls there is no such ceremony but they do
receive gunewcholo (pair of new clothes).
MARRIAGE
PRACTICES: Among practically all the Magar people the marriages pattern are
basically of the two common kinds – arranged and elopements, though there were
cases of forcible or latarnae marriages also.Marriages of arrangements occur
when the boy reaches a mature age of 25 and female is also about 20-22. Usually
parents looks around for a suitable bride for the son (if only his matrilateral
cross cousin is under age or not that suitable to get married) and once the
girl is located the relatives of the prospective groom go to the house of the
girl’s parents and present them a theki of curds, fruits and alcohol like jaad
and raksi and talks take place regarding the agreement of the match. After the
girl’s parents agreed called kura chhinne number of janti (friends and
relatives) and the musicians, whether pancha baja or naumati baja or athara
baja (eighteen musical instruments) go to bride’s house along with grooms to
fetch the bride.
DRESS AND
ORNAMENTS: The Magar of the low hills wear the ordinary kachhad or
wrap-on-loincloth, a bhoto or a shirt of vest and the usual Nepali topi.
The women wear the pariya or sari or lunghi, chaubandhi cholo or a closed blouse
and the heavy patuka or waistband and the mujetro or shawl like garment on
head. The higher altitude Magars wear an additional boku similar to the Gurung
sheepherders and the ones living in Tarakot area even wear the Tibetans chhuba.
The ornaments are the mundri on the ears, bulaki on the nose and the phuli on
the left nostril, the silver coin necklace and the pote (green beads) with the
tilhari gold cyclinder. Magar males do not wear ornaments but some are seen to
have earrings or silver and gold hanging from their ears lobes. The magar girls
wear the amulet
or locket necklace and women of the lower hills and the high altitude ones wear
these made of silver with muga stones imbedded in them. The bangles of gold and
glass are also worn on their hands along with the sirbandhi and sirphuli on
their heads. These are large pieces of gold beaten in elongated and circular
shapes.